Marlene Dumas studied at the Cape Town School of Fine Arts (1972–1975) before moving to the Netherlands in 1976. She studied psychology at the University of Amsterdam (1979–1980). She had solo exhibitions at, among others, the Menil Collection, Houston (2009); the Museum of Modern Art, New York, and the South African National Gallery, Cape Town (2008); the Centre de Georges Pompidou, Paris (2001–2002); Museum van Hedendaagse Kunst Antwerp, Belgium (1999–2000); the Tate Gallery, London (1996); the Van Abbemuseum, Eindhoven, the Netherlands (1992); and the Kunsthalle Bern, Switzerland (1989). Biennials at which her work has been shown include the forty-sixth Venice Biennale (1995) and the eleventh Lyon Biennale (2011). Dumas won the Vermeer Prize in 2012, and she has been awarded honorary doctorates from the University of Stellenbosch (2011) and Rhodes University (2010), both in South Africa.